Machine learning

In 2025, I’m going deep into ML and want a job. There is a large cache of notes here.

Sub-pages.

• Heuristics
• Natural ML
• Notes on RNN’s
• Notes on Test Time Training
• Notes on Test Time Training in Video
• Notes on the move to foundation models

Talks.

• TikTok’s recommendation system (2025). Presented to distributed systems study group. (slides)
  • Summarising these papers:
    • Monolith: Real Time Recommendation System With Collisionless Embedding Table (2022)
    • Deep Retrieval: Learning A Retrievable Structure for Large-Scale Recommendations (2020)
    • Deep Neural Networks for YouTube Recommendations (2016)

Papers.

• Techniques
  • Attention. Attention is All You Need
  • Residual connections. Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition
  • LoRA’s. LoRA: Low Rank Adaptation of LLM’s
  • DeMo: Decoupled Momentum Optimization
  • Effective Long-Context Scaling of Foundation Models
• LLM’s
  • Generative Pre-Trained Transformers
  • GPT3
• Recsys
  • Deep Neural Networks for YouTube Recommendations
  • Monolith: Real Time Recommendation System With Collisionless Embedding Table
  • Deep Retrieval: Learning A Retrievable Structure for Large-Scale Recommendations
• RNN’s and test-time training.
  • Generating Text with Recurrent Neural Networks
  • Learning to (Learn at Test Time): RNNs with Expressive Hidden States
  • One-Minute Video Generation with Test-Time Training
• Video
  • CogVideoX: Text-to-Video Diffusion Models with An Expert Transformer
• Compression.
• Language modelling is compression

Distillations.

AI is statistics (science) applied to big data (engineering).

• Foundations: scientific method
• Prediction = compression (hutter).
• ML = (x,y) -> optimizer -> f(x,P)
• Embeddings: word2vec for anything
• Attention: sequence compression O(N^2), probabilistic weight sharing.
• Test-time-training: sequence compression O(N)
• Feature engineering
  • YouTube recsys.
  • OpenAI tiktoken: n-grams and BPE.
  • Rank factorization, LoRA’s.

My story of the field.

I’ve been interested in ML since high school, ever since DeepDream came out. But I chose to go into crypto so I could travel the world. Now I’m back into ML.

Modern AI has existed since 2010, when we combined big data (ImageNet) with big compute (GPU’s). There has been a very steady linear progress in the capabilities of AI since 2010:

• Google, web crawl dataset, eigenvectors (2000)
• …
• GPU parallelism + large datasets (imagenet)
• RNN’s, CNN’s
• batchnorm / dropout / simplifying CNN’s
• relu/swiglu
• deepdream
• resnets, highway nets, information bottleneck thesis
• GAN’s
• Adam
• transformers
• scaling (chinchilla) / gpt2 / commoncrawl
• bitter lesson (2019)
• gpt3.5/RLHF
• diffusion models (sd)
• quantization
• LoRA’s
• recsys
• TikTok Monolith - online learning.
• cut-cross entropy / logit materialisation
• P2P training: Nous DiSTrO
• inference-time compute / reasoning models / GRPO / DeepSeek / o1
• AI game engines (gamengen)
• video models - Sora, Veo
• realtime multimodal AI - text, image, voice
• test-time training
  • 1min video coherency

I believe that the progress will continue, linearly. The major things are:

1. Energy (power grids).
   • Add more compute, get more intelligence.
2. Statistics.
   • At its core, the ChatGPT unlock was about four things: attention, scaling compute, good dataset, and RLHF.
   • Core unlocks like attention and TTT.
3. Software.
   • Cut-Cross Entropy is one example.
   • Quantization is another.
4. Hardware.
   • GPU’s, tensor cores, TPU’s.
   • Optimizing for hardware layout.
5. Data.
   • TikTok gets this, online learning makes system better, thus more usage, more training data.
6. Product.
   • This is probably the most counterintuitive one here. But hear me out.
   • Deepseek is interesting because the reward signal comes from an external tool - python evaluating math equations.
   • OpenAI is the best-in-class consumer product, and their next iteration as of March 2025 is buildng tooling integrations.
   • Tooling is the cheapest way to more signal and thus more data.

Questions.

• When will we get full AI generated TV shows like Seinfeld?
  • If AI is prediction is compression, will video codecs be replaced by AI embeddings / TV tokens? e.g. ts_zip for TV
• When will intelligence become like Docker containers?
  • Base image (alpine) for English language, base image for reasoning (logic), and then other layers for domain-specific knowledge (Matrix-style hot patched)?

Interesting ideas.

• pentesting the law with LLM’s and RL
• natural things as ML systems
• scifi
  • Humans are a biological bootloader for digital intelligence.
  • jailbreaking the simulation.
• media
  • Media is programming. Genres, themes, motifs, plots, character descriptions, arcs, recurrent bits, one-off features - these are all as much primitives as HTML, React views, react-query, useState, useEffect, CSS modules, API routes are. Atomization.
  • The internet made the cost of distributing content marginal. Now due to AI, the cost of producing content falls to zero. Attention is still scarce. Taste is still scarce.
• intelligence
  • how much intelligence do we need to do <X>? we can estimate how much wood we need to get light for 1hr. but we don’t even have a unit for intelligence (tokens?). interesting post on this.
• “neural <X>”
  • discrete neural networks that emulate a digital circuit (see: Jane St problem), interacting with continuous neural networks (transformers). What could you build here?
  • neural BitTorrent: RL to train agents that maximize utility (download speed, swarm health)
  • neural Bitcoin: learned hash functions (embeddings) instead of sha256, learned difficulty approximation instead of moving average.
  • neural DHT’s: use embeddings instead of cryptographic hash functions, nodes store content related to topics (ie. embedding clusters) rather than uniformly distributed.

On Sama

I like this position - https://ia.samaltman.com/